“Invisible Man”, by Ralph Ellison

 

581 pages, Vintage Books, ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0679732761

Invisible Man was written by Ralph Ellison in 1952 – when Systematic Racism was really a thing – and addresses many of the social and intellectual issues faced by African Americans in the early 20^th Century, including black nationalism, the relationship between black identity and Marxism and the reformist racial policies of Booker T. Washington, as well as issues of individuality and personal identity. So there’s a lot going on here. But perhaps its most important detail is its different direction; Ellison himself noted that before Invisible Man many (if not most) novels dealing with African Americans were written solely for social protest – most notably Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe and Native Son by Richard Wright – whereas Invisible Man’s chief significance was its “experimental attitude” in which the black narrator signals a break from the normal protest novel: “I am not complaining, nor am I protesting either”. Ellison thought of his work not by a black American writer, but rather by an American writer who happened to be black. From an essay he wrote he states explicitly:

 

Why is it so often true that when critics confront the American as Negro they suddenly drop their advanced critical armament and revert with an air of confident superiority to quite primitive modes of analysis? Why is it that Sociology-oriented critics seem to rate literature so far below politics and ideology that they would rather kill a novel than modify their presumptions concerning a given reality which it seeks in its own terms to project? Finally, why is it that so many of those who would tell us the meaning of Negro life never bother to learn how varied it really is?

 

Invisible Man begins with the narrator (an unnamed black man) describing his living conditions: an underground room wired with hundreds of electric lights operated by power stolen from the city’s electric grid. He reflects on the various ways in which he has experienced social invisibility during his life and begins to tell his story, returning to his teenage years where he lives in a small Southern town. Upon graduating from high school, he wins a scholarship to an all-black college but, to receive it, he must first take part in a brutal, humiliating battle royal for the entertainment of the town’s rich white dignitaries. One afternoon during his junior year at the college, the narrator chauffeurs Mr. Norton, a visiting rich white trustee, out among the old slave-quarters beyond the campus where they stop at the cabin of Jim Trueblood, who has caused a scandal by impregnating both his wife and his daughter in his sleep. Trueblood’s account horrifies Mr. Norton so badly that he asks the narrator to find him a drink, and s the narrator drives him to a bar filled with prostitutes and patients from a nearby mental hospital.

The mental patients rail against both of them and eventually overwhelm the orderly assigned to keep the patients under control, injuring Mr. Norton in the process. The narrator hurries Mr. Norton away from the chaotic scene and back to campus, where Dr. Bledsoe, the college president, excoriates the narrator for showing Mr. Norton the underside of black life beyond the campus and expels him. However, Bledsoe gives several sealed letters of recommendation to the narrator to be delivered to friends of the college in order to assist him in finding a job so that he may eventually earn enough to re-enroll. The narrator travels to New York and distributes his letters with no success (the reason becoming clear when the son of one recipient shows him the letter, which reveals Bledsoe’s intent to never admit the narrator as a student again). Acting on the son’s suggestion, the narrator seeks work at the Liberty Paint factory, renowned for its pure white paint. He is assigned first to the shipping department, then to the boiler room, whose chief attendant, Lucius Brockway, is highly paranoid and suspects that the narrator is trying to take his job.

This distrust worsens after the narrator stumbles into a union meeting and Brockway attacks the narrator and tricks him into setting off an explosion in the boiler room. The narrator is hospitalized and subjected to shock treatment, where he overhears the doctor’s discussion of him as a possible mental patient. After leaving the hospital, the narrator faints on the streets of Harlem and is taken in by Mary Rambo, a kindly old-fashioned woman who reminds him of his relatives in the South. Later, the narrator later happens across the eviction of an elderly black couple and makes an impassioned speech that incites the crowd to attack the law enforcement officials in charge of the proceedings; he escapes over the rooftops and is confronted by Brother Jack, the leader of a group known as “The Brotherhood” that professes its commitment to bettering conditions in Harlem and the rest of the world; at Jack’s urging, the narrator agrees to join and speak at rallies to spread the word among the black community. Using his new salary, he pays Mary back the rent he owes her and moves into an apartment provided by the Brotherhood.

The rallies go smoothly at first, with the narrator receiving extensive indoctrination on the Brotherhood’s ideology and methods; soon, though, he encounters trouble from Ras the Exhorter, a fanatical black nationalist who believes that the Brotherhood is controlled by whites. Neither the narrator nor Tod Clifton, a youth leader within the Brotherhood, is particularly swayed by his words. The narrator is later called before a meeting of the Brotherhood and accused of putting his own ambitions ahead of the group, whence he is reassigned to another part of the city to address issues concerning women; there, he is seduced by the wife of a Brotherhood member and eventually called back to Harlem, when Clifton is reported missing and the Brotherhood’s membership and influence begin to falter. The narrator can find no trace of Clifton at first, but soon discovers him selling dancing Sambo dolls on the street, having become disillusioned with the Brotherhood. Clifton is shot and killed by a policeman while resisting arrest; at his funeral, the narrator delivers a rousing speech that rallies the crowd to support the Brotherhood again.

At an emergency meeting, Jack and the other Brotherhood leaders criticize the narrator for his unscientific arguments and the narrator determines that the group has no real interest in the black community’s problems. From there the narrator returns to Harlem, trailed by Ras’ men, and buys a hat and a pair of sunglasses to elude them; as a result, he is repeatedly mistaken for a man named Rinehart, known as a lover, hipster, gambler, briber and a spiritual leader. Understanding that Rinehart has adapted to white society at the cost of his own identity, the narrator resolves to undermine the Brotherhood by feeding them dishonest information concerning the Harlem membership and situation. After seducing the wife of one member in a fruitless attempt to learn their new activities, he discovers that riots have broken out in Harlem due to widespread unrest, realizing that the Brotherhood has been counting on such an event in order to further its own aims. The narrator gets mixed up with a gang of looters who burn down a tenement and wanders away to find Ras, now on horseback, armed with a spear and shield and calling himself “the Destroyer”.

Ras shouts for the crowd to lynch the narrator, but the narrator attacks him with the spear and escapes into an underground coal bin. Two white men seal him in, leaving him alone to ponder the racism he has experienced in his life…The epilogue returns to the present, with the narrator stating that he is ready to return to the world because he has spent enough time hiding from it. He explains that he has told his story in order to help people see past his own invisibility, and also to provide a voice for people with a similar plight: “Who knows but that, on the lower frequencies, I speak for you?”