“1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft & Debs – The Election that Changed the Country” by James Chace

 

336 pages, Simon & Schuster, ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0743203944

So, you thought the elections on 2016, 2020 and 2024 were bitter and divisive? Hell, they’ve got nothing on the election of 1912 in which four – FOUR! – men wanted to be POTUS (well, maybe really only three; Taft was in the White House because that’s where his wife wanted him). And just who were these men? Well, William Howard Taft the Republican, Woodrow Wilson the Democrat, Theodore Roosevelt the Progressive and Eugene V. Debs the Socialist. The whole of this most peculiar and never-repeated event is recounted by James Chace in 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs – The Election that Changed the Country. Some histories relate an oft-repeated tale using research already unearthed by others; others offer a new interpretation with new evidence and unearthed research. Chace’s work is the best of the former, being a lively, balanced and accurate retelling of an important (if mostly forgotten) moment in American history.

If you’re even moderately informed on American history, then you already know that Wilson would ultimately win (though only by a plurality of the popular vote, albeit a huge electoral majority) and become the first Democrat since Andrew Jackson to serve two consecutive terms in the White House. It would, also, ultimately give us American intervention in World War I and Wilsonian Internationalism, God help us. All of which was a tragedy in Chace’s telling, for, according to him, Roosevelt would have made a stronger, more effective leader on both the domestic and international fronts; furthermore, many of the achievements of his cousin’s New Deal would have been realized a generation earlier, which may or may not be such a good thing; all of the myriad problems of over-taxation and intrusive government would not, I believe, be mitigated just by being introduced a few decades earlier than they were.

But there is more to the election of 1912 than that, for because of TR’s never-a-dull-moment campaign as the nominee of the Bull Moose Party – that’d be the Progressive Party – the campaign deepened the public’s acceptance of the idea of a more activist presidency, for good or for ill, you decide (it’s ill, just so you know). This election also saw Socialism’s peak political performance after Debs won 6% of the popular vote, which also serves to showcase the innate conservatism (note the small “c”) of the American voter, for even if all those votes for Taft were combined with the conservative white Southerners who supported Wilson, it is not clear that even the 1912 election showed a solid electoral majority for radical change (oh, and then there’s William Howard Taft, whom Chace succeeds in making a believable, sympathetic character, if a lackluster chief executive; hell, no mystery there, as he really wanted to be on the Supreme Court, finally being appointed Chief Justice in ‘31).

What made the 1912 campaign unusual was that candidates of four, not just two, parties vied for the presidency. The race was also marked by a basic decency, honesty and quality of debate we will probably never see again.